Canopy—highest layer of trees, plan spacing correctly to allow enough light through to understorey

Small trees/shrubs—between & below canopy trees

Shrubs—mostly shade tolerant

Herbaceous perennials—die back in winter, contribute to ground cover

Ground cover—mostly creeping carpeting plants, with some clumping examples

Climbers—require sturdy trees to climb

Rhizosphere—root bearing plants and fungi