[LMG S7] Issue 83: Structured Query Language
Previously: A database system follows rules that enable multiple users to send commands to the database at the same time. The system attempts to execute each...
[LMG S7] Issue 82: Multiplayer databases
Previously: Putting all data into one table results in unnecessary duplication of data. Making data atomic by splitting it up into multiple tables makes the...
[LMG S7] Issue 81: Data Normalisation
Previously: An index is a separate table containing key terms in the database (usually names, IDs, or some other key identifier), alongside the row numbers...
[LMG S7] Issue 80: Indexing
Previously: Comma-separated value (CSV) files store all data in text form. Within each row, a separator divides each chunk of data, and rows are separated by...
[LMG S7] Issue 79: A Base for Data
Previously: Modern webpages rely on many third-party resources for their functionality. Blocking access to some domains may cause these webpages to break and...
![[LMG S6] Issue 78: uMatrix: voyuering the voyeurs](https://github.com/ngjunsiang/laymansguide/blob/release/season6/issue078/issue078_01.png?raw=true)
[LMG S6] Issue 78: uMatrix: voyuering the voyeurs
I belatedly realised that this issue was mis-scheduled, which is why there wasn’t an issue last week. My apologies! Previously: The default settings of most...
[LMG S6] Issue 77: Wearing clothes on the Internet
Previously: Cookies with the same domain as the site are first-party cookies, while cookies with domains different from the site are third-party cookies....
[LMG S6] Issue 76: Third-parties and cross-site resources
Previously: By not enforcing strict cookie policies on their own sites, publishers allowed advertisers to sneakily set cookies on their site audience. This...
[LMG S6] Issue 75: The Costs of Data Leakage
Previously: Data companies use the data they have gathered to determine what ads to serve you when you visit sites that load their cookie-setting scripts....
![[LMG S6] Issue 74: The Walls Have Pixels](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ngjunsiang/laymansguide/release/season6/issue074/issue074_01.png)
[LMG S6] Issue 74: The Walls Have Pixels
Previously: When a page loads advertisements through header bidding, it sends your cookie along with other information to an ad exchange. The ad exchange...
[LMG S6] Issue 73: The Heart of Darkness (Header Bidding)
Previously: QuantCast gathers a large amount of data on internet users directly through its cookie (which other publishers serve through their websites), and...
[LMG S6] Issue 72: The Data Brokers
Previously: In 2006, Quantcast offered complete audience analytics for any site that puts their cookie on the site. In this way, they managed to gather...
[LMG S6] Issue 71: The Rise of Audience Analytics
Previously: A tracking script retrieves the existing cookie on a web domain if there is one, or sets a cookie on a webpage if there isn’t an existing one....
![[LMG S6] Issue 70: The Cookie Factory](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ngjunsiang/laymansguide/release/season6/issue070/issue070_01.png)
[LMG S6] Issue 70: The Cookie Factory
Previously: Cookies are little fragments of information with a name and a value, and associated with a domain address. They are most commonly used to...
![[LMG S6] Issue 69: The Cookie Monster](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ngjunsiang/laymansguide/release/season6/issue069/issue069_01.png)
[LMG S6] Issue 69: The Cookie Monster
Previously: The old CPM model (cost per thousand impressions) in the early Internet was replaced by the CPC model (cost per click) after the dot-com bust....
[LMG S6] Issue 68: The Age of Bloat
Previously: Each click on a link, or even an ad, sends data to the server. This information can include an ID for the link you clicked, or the category of ad...
![[LMG S6] Issue 67: The Innocent Times](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ngjunsiang/laymansguide/release/season6/issue067/issue067_01.png)
[LMG S6] Issue 67: The Innocent Times
Previously: DoubleClick, the first commercially successfully ad server, launched in 1996. It ran a system that tracked the performance of banner ads across...
[LMG S6] Issue 66: Before the Cloud
Previously: Shared memory helps to reduce the amount of memory needed by all the applications running on an operating system. It also allows applications to...
![[LMG S5] Issue 65: Memory Sharing in the Operating System](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ngjunsiang/laymansguide/release/season5/issue065/issue065_01.png)
[LMG S5] Issue 65: Memory Sharing in the Operating System
Previously: Meltdown and Spectre require the programs executing them to have access to kernel memory space. Kernel address isolation attempts to prevent the...
[LMG S5] Issue 64: Fixing Meltdown and Spectre
Previously: For Meltdown and Spectre to work, they need two things: (1) Permission to carry out instructions (i.e. run programs) on the OS, and (2) knowledge...