Migration evolved from stagnation. The ancestors of these birds stayed in the same place all-year round, and gradually, they shifted either their breeding grounds or their wintering ones. Most scientists believe that the former happened: that tropical birds gradually moved their breeding grounds north, either to chase a glut of summer food or to leave their competitors behind. But some think that the opposite happened: birds in temperate climates gradually moved south to escape the harsh winters. (Image: Swallow (unladen), Katsura Miyamoto)
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